Ch.5 Natural Vegetation And Wild Life Extra Questions

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Q.  Give the distribution of montane forests on the basis of their height.

 A. i) Wet temperate montane forests-

  • These types of forests are found between a height of 1000-2000m.
  • Broad leaved trees like oaks and chestnuts predominate.

ii) Temperate montane forests- 
  • Found at a height of 1500-3000m.
  • Common trees are silver fir, pine, deodar, spruce, and cedar etc.
  • Found in southern slopes of Himalayas, southern and northeast India.
iii) Alpine montane forests-
  • These are found at a height of more than 3600m.
  • Common trees are silver fir, juniper, pines, and birches etc.
  • At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of the vegetation.

 Q. What are the main causes which are a threat to ecosystem? Write some measures to conserve it.

A. The main causes are- 
  1. Hunting for commercial purposes.
  2. Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste, and acid deposits.
  3. Introduction of alien species.
  4. Reckless deforestation to bring land under cultivation and habitation.
Some measures to conserve ecosystem are-
  1. 14 biosphere reserves have been set up across the country.
  2. Financial and technical assistance is being provided by the government to botanical gardens since 1992.
  3. Wildlife Protection Act (1972) has been implemented to ban hunting and poaching.
  4. Projects for specific animals (e.g. Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard etc.) have been introduced to enhance the quantity and quality of animals.
  5. Trading in wild animals is banned e.g. buying, selling and keeping a shahtoosh shall is banned.

 Q. What are the geographical factors responsible for the classification of forests?

A. Relief factors-
i) Land: a) If land is elevated, the density of vegetation decreases and trees become conical.
b) If land is flat, then density of vegetation increases and trees have broad leaves and trunk.

ii) Soil: a) Places with thin(less) soil have trees with deep roots. Places with thick(more) soil have trees with widespread roots.
b) Marshy areas i.e. places with soil of high water retaining capacity
have mangrove type vegetation. Places with soil of low water retaining capacity have thorny bushes, cacti etc. Places with average water retaining capacity have deciduous forests.

Climatic factors-
i) Temperature: As temperature increases, vegetation increases. In extremely low temperature, there is little or no vegetation.

ii) Photoperiods: Trees grow faster in summers because of longer duration and more amount of sunlight.

iii) Precipitation: Precipitation in form of rainfall leads to denser vegetation. More precipitation in form of snow leads to limited or no vegetation.
Q. Forests are national wealth. Justify.

A. Forests are national wealth because they- 
  • help to maintain ecological balance,
  • prevent soil erosion,
  • provide habitat for animals,
  • maintain right oxygen content,
  • increase rainfall because of transpiration,
  • provide raw materials for various industries (e.g. sports goods industry, furniture industry etc.) 
  • are need for construction purposes,
  • act as a source of income for many people e.g. honey collectors.
  • have medicinal values,
  • earn the country foreign exchange through tourism industry. 

 Q. What is an ecosystem?

A. A system which comprises the physical environment and the organisms living therein.
Q. Define flora and fauna.

A. Flora- It refers to the entire total vegetation or plant cover of a region.

Fauna- It refers to the entire animal kingdom of a place.
Q. How does the quantity and quality of soil affect the type of vegetation of a place.

A. Quantity- Places with less soil (thin soil) have trees with deep roots, whereas places with more soil (thick soil) have trees with widespread roots.

Quality- Places having soil of high water retaining capacity (marshy areas)  have mangrove type vegetation, places having soil of low water retaining capacity (arid areas) have thorny bushes, cacti etc. Places having soil of average water retaining capacity have deciduous type vegetation.
Q. Mention some steps taken by the government to protect the flora and fauna of the country.

A. i) 14 biosphere reserves have been set up in the country.

ii) Financial and technical assistance is provided to many botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

iii) Many eco-developmental projects have been introduced e.g. Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard to enhance the quantity and quality of these animals.

iv) 89 national parks, 490 wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens are set up to take care of natural heritage.

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