N.C.E.R.T. Simplified

Q.  Why do parties sometimes launch movements? A.  Parties sometimes launch  movements for the resolution of  problems faced by people. Q.  How is a government formed in a multi-party system?  A.  In a multiparty system, the government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition. In this system, several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power i.e. they form an alliance or a front. Q. What is a recognised party? A.  A recognised party is a party which is 'recognised' by the Election Commission i.e. it has been given a unique symbol, which only the official members of that party can use, along with some other facilities. Q. What is a multi-party system? Why has India adopted a multi-party system? A.  A multi-party system is a system of government in which several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on th...

Q. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities? A. The conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities are: ・It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply ruled by the majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. ・ It is also necessary that rule by the majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. If someone is barred from being in majority on the basis of birth, then the democratic rule is to be accommodative for that person or group. Q. How does democracy p...

Q. Enlist and clarify the types of challenges faced by the countries concerned with democracy. A. ・ Foundational Challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, preventing a military coupe and establishing a sovereign and functional state. ・ Challenge of expansion: This involves applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions. Ensuring greater power to local governments, an extension of the federal principle to all the units of the federation, the inclusion of women and minority group etc. fall under this challenge. ・ Challenge of deepening democracy:   is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This involves the strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. This should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy. But ordinar...

Q. Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India? A.   Women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways: ・The literacy rate among women is only 54% compared with 76% among men. ・A smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. When we look at school results, girls perform as well as boys, if not better in some places. But they drop out because parents prefer to spend their resources on their boy's education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters. ・ The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and thus is not valued. ・ The Equal Wages act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinemas to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when ...

Q. What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example. [N.C.E.R.T.] A. ・Federalism is a system of governance in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. A federation has at least 2 levels of government. One is for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest. The other governments are at the provincial/state level that look after much of the day to day administration of their state. Both these governments enjoy their power independent of the other. e.g. India, Belgium etc. ・Under the unitary system, either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government. The central government can pass on orders to the provincial or local governments. In the federal system, the central government can't order the state government to do something. The state government has powers o...

Q. What are social divisions of USA? A.  The social divisions in the USA are the differences between the Blacks and Whites. In USA, the Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. Q. Define the term homogenous society? A. A homogenous society is a society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no ethnic differences. Q. Does every social difference lead to social division? Explain. A.  ・No, social divisions are created when some social difference overlaps with other differences e.g. Dalits in our country tend t be poor and landless, and often face discrimination and injustice. ・A social division is created in a situation when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other, and the people start feeling that they belong to different communities. ・Every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide people from one another but they also unite very different people. Peopl...