Ch. 3 Water Resources

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Q. Describe any five measures adopted for conservation of water resources.

A. Kuls/Guls: These are diversion channels which people built in hills and mountainous regions especially Western Himalayas for agriculture.

Inundation Channels: In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. These inundation channels carry flood water from rivers to the fields.

Khadins/Johads: In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

Tankas: In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room.

・The tankas are part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rainwater travels down the pipe to these underground ‘tankas’. 

Bamboo Drip Irrigation System: It is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes in Meghalaya. 

・About 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system. It gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.


Q. State any three qualitative reasons responsible for water scarcity in India.


A. Water shortage also occurs because of the poor quality of water due to water pollution/ contamination. This contamination occurs due to the following reasons:

・Agricultural reasons: Agriculture pollutes water as the excessive fertilisers used in fields get washed away with rains and mix with lakes and ponds causing eutrophication. Pesticides use in farms, (eg DDT, BHC etc) also contaminate water.

・Domestic Reasons: When untreated sewage and wastewater containing soaps and detergents is dumped into water bodies it causes water pollution. 

・Industrial Reasons: Effluents of industries containing harmful chemicals that are discharged untreated into water bodies. It also includes the hot water released by industries.



Q. Write a short note on Narmada Bachao Andolan.

A. ・Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) that mobilised tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat.

・It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the dam water.

・It has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees (displaced people) to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government


Q. Construction of dams on rivers has caused environmental degradation. Give reasons in support of this statement.

A. Construction of dams causes environmental degradation because:

・Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.

・Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning. 

・The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil lead 


Q. Industries are exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. Justify.

A. ・Post independence India witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation and the number of industries is still growing.

・Industries are heavy users of water and also require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power, which contributes approximately 22 percent of the total electricity produced in India.

・Industries also cause a lot of water pollution by discharging their untreated waste in water bodies. Thus deteriorating and depleting our freshwater resources.

・Industries have also boosted urbanisation and led to higher living standards. This has added to the water and energy requirements.

・Thus industries are exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.


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