N.C.E.R.T. Simplified

Q. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities? A. The conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities are: ・It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply ruled by the majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. ・ It is also necessary that rule by the majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. If someone is barred from being in majority on the basis of birth, then the democratic rule is to be accommodative for that person or group. Q. How does democracy p...

Q. Enlist and clarify the types of challenges faced by the countries concerned with democracy. A. ・ Foundational Challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, preventing a military coupe and establishing a sovereign and functional state. ・ Challenge of expansion: This involves applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions. Ensuring greater power to local governments, an extension of the federal principle to all the units of the federation, the inclusion of women and minority group etc. fall under this challenge. ・ Challenge of deepening democracy:   is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This involves the strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. This should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy. But ordinar...

Q. Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India? A.   Women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways: ・The literacy rate among women is only 54% compared with 76% among men. ・A smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. When we look at school results, girls perform as well as boys, if not better in some places. But they drop out because parents prefer to spend their resources on their boy's education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters. ・ The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and thus is not valued. ・ The Equal Wages act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinemas to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when ...

Q. Define the following terms: a. Malleability  b. Ductility  c. Sonority d. Reactivity series . d. Dilute nitric acid (dil. HNO₃) is a strong oxidizing agent and so it oxidizes the hydrogen gas produced to water i.e. H₂→H₂O and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides. .   e.  Copper is the most ductile metal after gold and silver i.e. it can be easily drawn into wires. Also, copper is a good conductor of electricity. f.  Sodium (Na) tends to react vigorously with atmosphere oxygen and catch fire when exposed to air. Thus, in order to cut the supply of air and avoid accidental fires it is stored under kerosene. g.  Platinum, gold and silver are lustrous metals and also the least reactive elements so they do not react with oxygen even at high temperatures and thus they are used to make jewelry. h.  Aluminium is used to make cooking utensils since it develops a protective coating of aluminum oxide when exposed to air which p...